Trauma Treatment · IOP & Outpatient · NJ MH Licence #70420104
Trauma Treatment in Bergen County, NJ
Trauma changes sleep, strains relationships, and keeps the nervous system responding as though danger is still present. Valley Spring Recovery Center provides structured trauma treatment through evening Intensive Outpatient and Outpatient care for adults who need coordinated therapy, psychiatric support, and skills practice. Adults attend in person at 830 Broadway in Norwood or by telehealth throughout New Jersey. The program addresses single-incident, complex, developmental, medical, and occupational trauma, including symptoms that impair daily life without meeting every DSM-5-TR criterion for PTSD. NJ Mental Health License #70420104 authorizes standalone adult mental health treatment, so a substance use diagnosis is not required.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Michael Olla, MD
- Intensive Outpatient Program for trauma, 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM, three to five evenings per week, averaging 6 to 8 weeks
- Outpatient Program for trauma, 1 to 2 sessions per week for a structured 8 to 12 weeks, then as clinically indicated
- Telehealth delivery for both levels of care, running the same curriculum and the same clinical staffing
- EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure and trauma-focused CBT, matched to the trauma presentation at assessment
- Somatic Experiencing and nervous system regulation for the physiological symptoms cognitive work does not reach
- Psychiatric evaluation and medication management by the Medical Director (MD) and the psychiatric nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC)
- PCL-5 symptom tracking at intake and repeatedly during treatment, with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 for co-occurring depression and anxiety
- No substance use diagnosis required for admission under New Jersey Mental Health Licence #70420104
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Same-day admissions available. Our team verifies your insurance and schedules your intake, typically the same day.
Programs Available
How Much Support Does Trauma Treatment Provide?
Intensive Outpatient meets from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM on weekday evenings for adults who need frequent therapeutic contact while remaining safe to live at home. Outpatient meets 1 to 2 times per week for lower-acuity entry or step-down support. Both levels operate under NJ Mental Health License #70420104 and are delivered in Norwood or by telehealth throughout New Jersey. Valley Spring does not operate partial hospitalization, residential, inpatient, or detox services; assessment routes those needs to an appropriate provider.
Valley Spring Recovery Center · Norwood, NJ
Valley Spring Recovery Center · Norwood, NJ
Valley Spring Recovery Center's Intensive Outpatient Program for trauma runs 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM, three to five evenings per week, for an average of 6 to 8 weeks, and serves adults 18 and older at 830 Broadway in Norwood. Each three-hour evening block combines a trauma process group, a psychoeducational group on trauma neurobiology, and health and wellness programming built around nervous system regulation. Individual therapy runs 1 to 2 sessions per week alongside the group schedule. Trauma IOP fits adults whose intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal or dissociative symptoms disrupt work, sleep and relationships, and adults stepping down after completing residential or partial hospitalization care at another facility. Attendance is in person in Norwood or by telehealth, by client preference and clinical fit.
People Who Recovered
Norwood, NJ Trauma Treatment Center Reviews
“Everyone treated me like family, I felt like I was born into this family. The welcoming I received was incredible. Valley Spring changed my life in ways I never thought possible.”
Tr3 Weee
“Valley Spring Recovery Center is absolutely exceptional. Brian and Mike have created a truly beautiful establishment, both in appearance and in spirit. The clinical setting is world class, blending professionalism with genuine compassion.”
Christopher Ferry
“Valley Spring Recovery Center truly changed my little brother Jordan's life. From the moment he entered the program, he was treated with respect, care, and real compassion. The staff went above and beyond to support him, not just in his recovery, but in every aspect of his life.”
Deshaya Williams
“It cannot be more clear the profound impact that Sean has made in my recovery journey. Finding someone who can balance the weight of recovery with genuine humor is rare, and he embodies that perfectly.”
Daisy McCloud
“Valley Spring Recovery Center saved my son's life. The staff is amazing. I'm so grateful for the exceptional care he received. The support and encouragement by the staff and the rest of the Valley Spring Community is so meaningful.”
Lana Roeser
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Matt's Story: Why I Chose Valley Spring
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Why Valley Spring
How Does Valley Spring Support Trauma Recovery?
CARF-accredited and NJ-licensed, Valley Spring Recovery Center maintains 19+ in-network payer, plan, and network relationships, including Northwell Direct, AmeriHealth, Fidelis Care, Cigna, UnitedHealthcare and its UMR and Oxford entities, and VA Community Care. Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna, and Horizon are accepted out-of-network or by single case agreement. Same-day admission and an eight-client therapist caseload support treatment for Trauma Treatment.
Valley Spring Recovery Center · Norwood, NJ
Treatment Timeline
What Happens After You Ask for Help With Trauma?
Trauma Treatment at Valley Spring Recovery Center follows a staged clinical process beginning with assessment, progressing through active treatment, and continuing to aftercare planning. Timeline varies by clinical severity and level-of-care criteria under New Jersey Mental Health License #70420104, typically 30 to 90 days across program levels.
Assessment begins stabilization
Biopsychosocial assessment, trauma history, psychiatric evaluation, and a PCL-5 baseline document impairment across work, sleep, relationships, and daily living. Safety planning, grounding, and nervous-system regulation begin immediately. Memory processing waits until regulation skills hold and clinical assessment supports the next phase.
Supporting Services: Biopsychosocial assessment, trauma history, PCL-5 baseline, psychiatric evaluation, safety planning, and grounding.
Treatment builds regulation and insight
Trauma-focused CBT restructures trauma-related beliefs, builds emotion regulation, and counters avoidance through behavioral activation. Psychoeducation covers trauma neurobiology and DSM-5-TR symptom clusters. EMDR or Cognitive Processing Therapy begins when stabilization holds; individual therapy and repeat PCL-5 measurement track processing and symptom change.
Supporting Services: Trauma-focused CBT, EMDR or Cognitive Processing Therapy, individual therapy, psychiatry, and repeat PCL-5.
Skills restore daily participation
Clients use regulation skills during work, sleep, relationships, and situations that avoidance had closed off. Therapy integrates traumatic memories while stability holds; group support reduces isolation and shame. EMDR processing continues when appropriate. Complex or developmental trauma allows additional time because relational repair is a direct treatment target.
Supporting Services: IOP or outpatient care, EMDR, relationship repair, medication review, case management, and relapse planning.
Continuing care sustains progress
Outpatient step-down and aftercare planning coordinate continued trauma therapy, medication management, family support, and community resources. A final PCL-5 documents the symptom picture for the next provider. Thrive adds monthly meetings, activities, and peer connection after structured treatment ends.
Supporting Services: Outpatient step-down, referral coordination, medication continuity, family support, final PCL-5, and Thrive.
Our Facility
What Does Valley Spring Recovery Center's Norwood, NJ Facility Look Like?
Get Trauma Treatment in Bergen County, NJ
Anyone in immediate danger should call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911. The Valley Spring Recovery Center admissions line answers 24 hours a day at (201) 781-8812, and intake is scheduled the same day or the next day when clinically appropriate at 830 Broadway, Norwood, NJ 07648.
HIPAA compliant · Confidential · No obligation
Warning Signs
What Are the Signs of Trauma That Require Professional Treatment?
DSM-5-TR sorts post-traumatic symptoms into four clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity, with symptoms persisting more than one month. The eight signs below map onto those clusters and onto the three additional features that define complex PTSD in the World Health Organization's ICD-11: affect dysregulation, a persistently negative self-concept, and difficulty sustaining relationships. Trauma treatment at the intensive outpatient level is indicated when these signs disrupt work, sleep and relationships. Anyone in immediate danger should call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911.
01.HIGHIntrusive Memories
Clients experience unwanted memories or flashbacks of traumatic experiences that interfere with daily functioning and create significant distress. Clients find themselves reliving traumatic events through vivid mental images, sounds, or physical sensations that feel as real as the original experience. Clients struggle to control when these memories occur, often being triggered by seemingly unrelated situations, people, or environments.
Warning: Call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911 if intrusive memories bring thoughts of suicide. Seek trauma treatment when intrusive memories occur daily or interfere with work and relationships.
02.HIGHEmotional Dysregulation
Clients experience intense emotional reactions that seem disproportionate to current situations, often related to past traumatic experiences affecting their daily relationships and functioning. Clients find themselves unable to manage emotions effectively, swinging between emotional numbness and overwhelming feelings of anger, sadness, or fear. Clients use unhealthy coping mechanisms to manage emotional overwhelm, including substance use, self-harm, or compulsive behaviors.
Warning: Call or text 988 or call 911 if emotional dysregulation includes self-harm. Seek trauma treatment when dysregulation drives substance use or makes work and relationships impossible to maintain.
03.HIGHAvoidance Behaviors
Clients actively avoid thoughts, feelings, places, or people that remind clients of traumatic experiences, significantly limiting their life activities and social connections. Clients find themselves changing daily routines, avoiding specific locations, or ending relationships to prevent trauma-related distress or reminders. Clients experience anxiety or panic when confronted with trauma reminders, leading to increased isolation and functional impairment in work, relationships, or daily activities.
Warning: Seek trauma treatment if avoidance behaviors prevent clients from working, maintaining relationships, or completing basic daily activities for more than one month.
04.MODERATEHyperarousal
Clients remain constantly on alert for potential threats, feeling unable to relax or feel safe even in objectively safe environments. Clients experience an exaggerated startle response to normal sounds, movements, or unexpected events. Clients have difficulty sleeping due to hypervigilance, often staying awake to monitor their environment or experiencing frequent awakening due to perceived threats. Clients feel exhausted from constant alertness but cannot turn off this heightened state of awareness.
Warning: Seek trauma treatment if hyperarousal symptoms persist for more than two weeks and interfere with sleep, work performance, or relationships.
05.MODERATENegative Self-Perception
Clients experience persistent shame, guilt, or feelings of being permanently damaged or worthless as a direct result of traumatic experiences. Clients blame themselves for traumatic events that occurred, regardless of actual responsibility or control over the circumstances. Clients believe that they are fundamentally different from others in negative ways, feeling broken or irreparably damaged by trauma. Clients struggle with self-compassion and engage in self-critical thinking patterns that reinforce feelings of worthlessness.
Warning: Call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911 if negative self-perception brings thoughts of suicide. Seek trauma treatment when shame or worthlessness persists beyond two weeks.
06.MODERATERelationship Difficulties
Clients struggle to trust others or maintain healthy relationships due to trauma-related fears of betrayal, abandonment, or harm from people close to them. Clients find themselves either becoming overly dependent on others for safety or maintaining excessive emotional distance to protect themselves from potential hurt. Clients experience difficulty with intimacy, either avoiding close relationships entirely or engaging in relationships that recreate traumatic dynamics from their past.
Warning: Seek trauma treatment if relationship difficulties result in complete social isolation or repeated relationship patterns that cause significant distress.
07.HIGHDissociative Symptoms
Clients experience feeling detached from themselves, their surroundings, or reality, often described as watching themselves from outside their body or feeling like things are not real. Clients have memory gaps for significant periods of time, especially during stressful situations or when confronted with trauma reminders. Clients find themselves spacing out or losing time during conversations, work tasks, or daily activities without explanation or awareness.
Warning: Seek immediate trauma treatment if dissociative symptoms include complete memory loss, inability to function safely, or feeling detached from reality for extended periods.
08.MODERATESleep Disturbances
Clients experience frequent nightmares related to traumatic experiences or general themes of danger, threat, or helplessness that disrupt their sleep quality. Clients have difficulty falling asleep due to hypervigilance, racing thoughts about trauma, or fear of experiencing nightmares while sleeping. Clients wake frequently during the night feeling anxious, panicked, or disoriented, often unable to return to sleep due to trauma-related thoughts or feelings.
Warning: Seek trauma treatment if sleep disturbances persist for more than two weeks and significantly impact their daily functioning, work performance, or physical health.
Discuss the Next Step in Trauma Treatment
Our admissions team is available around the clock. Call (201) 781-8812 or verify your insurance online, no commitment required.
HIPAA compliant · Confidential · No obligation
Local Data
How Common Is Trauma Exposure Among Adults in Bergen County, NJ?
70.4% of adults across 24 countries reported at least one lifetime traumatic event in Benjet and colleagues' 2016 analysis for the World Mental Health Survey Consortium, published in Psychological Medicine. Exposure is close to universal. The disorder that sometimes follows it is not. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD reports that about 6 of every 100 people in the United States develop post-traumatic stress disorder at some point in life, and about 5 of every 100 adults have it in a given year. Most adults who live through a traumatic event never meet full diagnostic criteria, which is why Valley Spring Recovery Center treats trauma as a presentation in its own right instead of admitting only diagnosed PTSD.
Bergen County is New Jersey's most populous county, with 955,732 residents recorded in the 2020 Census by the U.S. Census Bureau. Norwood sits in the Northern Valley section of the county, on the Route 9W corridor between Northvale and Closter. Valley Spring Recovery Center publishes no Bergen County trauma prevalence estimate, because no county-level trauma survey exists to support one, and a derived figure would be a guess wearing a decimal point.
In-Network & Out-of-Network Coverage
Insurance Coverage and Cost of Treatment
Valley Spring Recovery Center accepts in-network insurance from AmeriHealth, Fidelis Care, Northwell Direct, ComPsych, Oscar, VA Community Care, Lower Hudson Valley EAP, JRN Consulting, Tricare, Teamsters, Magellan Healthcare, Cigna, UnitedHealthcare (including its UMR and Oxford plans), the New York City Employees Plan, Workforce Assistance EAP, Iron Workers Members Assistance, and Humana, and also accepts Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna, Horizon, and Carelon Behavioral Health on an out-of-network or single-case-agreement basis. At Valley Spring Recovery Center, insurance coverage pays for some or all of the cost of treatment; the exact amount depends on the member's benefits and the level of care required. Most plans authorize Partial Care in 7–14 day increments with clinical reauthorization, and IOP per week or per three-day block.
Self-pay pricing is quoted transparently after a brief phone assessment, and the cost is determined by the services required and the appropriate level of care.
Valley Spring Recovery Center verifies insurance benefits 24 hours a day, 7 days a week — call to confirm what your specific plan covers.
HIPAA confidential · Free verification · No obligation
Family Support
How Does a Trauma Assessment Lead Into Care?
Admissions answers the line 24 hours a day
Call Valley Spring Recovery Center at (201) 781-8812, answered 24 hours a day. Anyone in immediate danger should call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911 first. The admissions team runs an initial screening and answers questions about trauma treatment in Bergen County.
Admissions verifies coverage during pre-assessment
Admissions verifies coverage during pre-assessment, confirming mental health benefits for trauma treatment and any authorisation requirement. Valley Spring Recovery Center holds 19+ in-network payer contracts, including AmeriHealth, Fidelis Care, ComPsych, Oscar, Tricare, Magellan Healthcare, Cigna and UnitedHealthcare. Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna and Horizon are accepted out-of-network or by single case agreement, where cost-sharing is usually higher.
A licensed clinician assesses trauma history and sets the level of care
A licensed clinician completes a biopsychosocial assessment covering trauma history, current symptom clusters and functional impairment, plus a PCL-5 baseline. Clinical and medical approval follows that pre-assessment. The assessment decides between trauma IOP and the Outpatient Program, and refers out when a higher level of care is indicated.
Intake is scheduled the same day when clinically appropriate
Intake is scheduled the same day when clinically appropriate, and admissions calls back to confirm the start date. A program coordinator orients the client to the Norwood facility, introduces the trauma treatment team, and starts programming with stabilization and grounding work before any memory processing begins.
What Happens When Trauma Goes Untreated?
Untreated post-traumatic symptoms persist and widen: avoidance expands until it narrows the activities, relationships and places a person still has access to, and hyperarousal compounds across months into chronic exhaustion and impaired concentration. Sleep is usually the first system to fail and the last to recover. Adverse Childhood Experiences research by Felitti and colleagues, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 1998, documented a graded relationship between childhood adversity and adult health risk, including alcohol and drug use. Self-medication is a predictable route out of intrusion and dysregulation, which is why untreated trauma and substance use disorder appear together so often.
Valley Spring Recovery Center holds both New Jersey Mental Health Licence #70420104 and New Jersey Department of Health substance use licence #200887, so one clinical team treats trauma and a substance use disorder in the same plan when both are present. Treating one and deferring the other is what produces the familiar cycle: symptoms return, substance use returns with them. Call the admissions line at (201) 781-8812, answered 24 hours a day, or call or text 988 if the situation is a crisis right now.
What Is Complex PTSD, and How Is Complex Trauma Treated Differently?
Complex PTSD is the diagnosis the World Health Organization added in ICD-11 for trauma that was prolonged, repeated and difficult to escape, and it adds three features to the core post-traumatic symptoms: affect dysregulation, a persistently negative self-concept, and difficulty sustaining relationships. DSM-5-TR carries no separate complex PTSD diagnosis, so an adult can hold a PTSD diagnosis, a different trauma-related diagnosis, or no diagnosis at all and still present with the complex pattern. Childhood abuse and neglect, domestic violence, trafficking and prolonged captivity are the exposures most associated with it.
Complex trauma changes the sequence of treatment more than it changes the modalities. Stabilization runs longer, because affect dysregulation makes memory processing unsafe until regulation skills hold. Processing is titrated into smaller pieces. Somatic work carries more weight, since a physiological pattern laid down across years does not resolve when the narrative does. Relational repair becomes an explicit target rather than a downstream benefit. Valley Spring Recovery Center treats complex trauma at the intensive outpatient level with the same named protocols and a longer stabilization phase, then steps the client into the Outpatient Program for integration.
Service Area
Where Is Trauma Treatment Available in Bergen County?
Valley Spring Recovery Center delivers trauma treatment from 830 Broadway, Norwood, NJ 07648, serving the Northern Valley of Bergen County first and the wider NJ/NY metro area second. Residents of Norwood, Northvale, Closter, Demarest, Harrington Park, Old Tappan, Rockleigh, Haworth and Tenafly reach the facility in under 15 minutes along Route 9W and County Route 505. Residents of Hackensack, Paramus, Ridgewood, Englewood, Teaneck, Fort Lee, Bergenfield, Dumont, River Vale and Westwood use the Palisades Interstate Parkway or Route 4 to Route 9W.
Norwood sits roughly 20 minutes from the George Washington Bridge, which puts trauma programming within reach of adults commuting home from Manhattan and Rockland County in time for a 6:00 PM group. Telehealth delivery extends the same trauma IOP and Outpatient Program to adults anywhere in New Jersey over a secure, HIPAA-compliant platform. New Jersey Mental Health Licence #70420104 and CARF accreditation apply to in-person and telehealth attendance alike.
More structure is appropriate when intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, dissociation, or emotional shutdown repeatedly disrupts sleep, work, relationships, or basic routines. Assessment reviews trauma exposure, current safety, functional impairment, prior treatment response, and psychiatric stability before matching the client to IOP or Outpatient care. A substance use diagnosis is not required under NJ Mental Health License #70420104; when trauma and substance use occur together, the clinical team addresses both under a coordinated plan.
Evening sessions protect the workday, and case managers assist with authorized FMLA forms, short-term disability paperwork, workplace accommodations, and return-to-work planning. Family therapy and education help relatives respond to withdrawal, irritability, dissociation, and hyperarousal without escalating conflict. Clinical information is released only with the client's written consent.
FAQ
Questions About Trauma Treatment and Recovery
How long does trauma therapy take?+
Trauma IOP at Valley Spring Recovery Center averages 6 to 8 weeks of evening programming. The Outpatient Program that follows runs a structured 8 to 12 weeks, then continues as clinically indicated. Complex trauma lengthens the stabilization phase before memory processing begins.
When should I seek treatment for trauma?+
Seek trauma treatment once intrusion, avoidance or hyperarousal has lasted more than one month and is disrupting work, sleep or relationships. Call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or call 911 first if there is any thought of suicide.
How do I know if I need trauma therapy?+
A PCL-5 screening answers it with a number instead of a guess. The 20-item instrument rates each DSM-5 post-traumatic symptom from 0 to 4 across a 0 to 80 range. Valley Spring Recovery Center administers it during the clinical assessment.
What is the difference between trauma-focused therapy and regular therapy?+
Trauma-focused therapy works directly on the traumatic memory and the beliefs it created, using named protocols such as EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure. General therapy addresses current problems without a memory-processing protocol and without a stabilization-then-processing sequence.
What Is EMDR Therapy?+
EMDR, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, is an eight-phase protocol pairing brief recall of a traumatic memory with bilateral stimulation until the memory loses its emotional charge. The 2023 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline lists EMDR as a first-line PTSD treatment.
Can PTSD come back after treatment?+
Post-traumatic symptoms return for some adults after a new stressor, an anniversary date or a direct reminder of the original event. A return of symptoms is not a failed course of treatment. Outpatient step-down and the Thrive alumni community exist for it.
What happens after completing treatment at a trauma treatment center?+
Clients step down from trauma IOP into the Outpatient Program, then into Thrive, the lifetime alumni community of monthly meetings, quarterly outings and peer mentorship. Every completer leaves with a personalised aftercare roadmap and referrals under the Lifeline Guarantee.
How do I know if I need PHP or IOP?+
A clinical assessment decides it on symptom severity, safety and daily functioning. New Jersey Mental Health Licence #70420104 covers intensive outpatient and outpatient care only, so adults needing a higher level of care are referred to a partial hospitalization or inpatient provider.
Are there specific treatments for treatment-resistant PTSD?+
Treatment-resistant PTSD is addressed by switching trauma-focused protocol rather than repeating one that stalled, EMDR after Cognitive Processing Therapy for example, and by reassessing sleep, substance use and untreated depression with the Medical Director (MD) or the psychiatric nurse practitioner (PMHNP-BC).
Can children undergo trauma-focused therapy?+
Children receive trauma-focused therapy from child and adolescent specialists. Valley Spring Recovery Center treats adults 18 and older only and admits no one under 18. Families seeking care for a minor should contact a licensed child and adolescent trauma provider in Bergen County.
Who can I reach out to for PTSD support in New Jersey?+
Call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, for immediate support anywhere in New Jersey. For scheduled outpatient trauma care in Bergen County, Valley Spring Recovery Center answers admissions 24 hours a day at (201) 781-8812 from 830 Broadway, Norwood.
Is therapy covered by insurance?+
Trauma treatment bills under mental health benefits. Valley Spring Recovery Center holds 19+ in-network payer contracts, and accepts Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna and Horizon out-of-network or by single case agreement, where cost-sharing is usually higher. Verification is free.
How much does therapy cost?+
Cost depends on the plan, the level of care and deductible status, so Valley Spring Recovery Center quotes no figure before verifying benefits. Admissions confirms the out-of-pocket structure and discusses private-pay arrangements at no charge on the first call.
Which Programs at Valley Spring Recovery Center Address Trauma Directly?
Post-traumatic stress disorder is the diagnosis that follows trauma exposure in a minority of cases. When symptoms persist past one month and impair function, the presentation meets criteria and PTSD treatment in Bergen County applies. The National Center for PTSD at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs reports that about 6 of every 100 people in the United States develop post-traumatic stress disorder at some point in life.
Borderline personality disorder and complex trauma present with overlapping emotional dysregulation. Developmental history and pattern stability separate them rather than the symptom list, and borderline personality disorder care is scoped to the diagnosis rather than to the trauma history behind it. Valley Spring Recovery Center treats borderline personality disorder at the Intensive Outpatient and Outpatient levels, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy is among the modalities it publishes.
Trauma-informed care is a delivery standard rather than a modality with a session count. Valley Spring Recovery Center matches trauma-trained therapists to clients at intake when trauma is present, which is what trauma-informed care at Valley Spring means in practice. No therapist at Valley Spring Recovery Center carries a caseload of more than eight clients.
Sources & References10ShowHide
- Benjet, C. et al. (2016). 'The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium.' Psychological Medicine — 70.4% of respondents across 24 countries reported at least one lifetime traumatic event.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD — About 6 of every 100 people in the United States develop PTSD in their lifetime; about 5 of every 100 adults have PTSD in a given year.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense (2023). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder — Individual trauma-focused psychotherapy, including EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure, is recommended as first-line treatment over pharmacotherapy.
- American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) — The four post-traumatic symptom clusters and the one-month duration criterion.
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) — Complex PTSD and its three disturbances in self-organisation: affect dysregulation, negative self-concept, and disturbed relationships.
- Weathers, F. W. et al. (2013). PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), National Center for PTSD — 20-item self-report instrument, each item rated 0 to 4, total score range 0 to 80.
- Felitti, V. J. et al. (1998). 'Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults.' American Journal of Preventive Medicine — The Adverse Childhood Experiences study, conducted by Kaiser Permanente and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration — Sertraline and paroxetine are the only medications approved for post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach — The six principles of a trauma-informed approach.
- U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census — Bergen County, New Jersey population 955,732, the most populous county in the state.