What is Marijuana? Definition, Usage, Effects, Addiction

Marijuana is a recreational drug commonly used for its mind-altering effects. It contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary compound responsible for its intoxicating properties. Marijuana exists in various forms, including dried flowers, oils, and edibles, and is consumed through smoking, vaping, and ingestion. 

Cannabis is the most commonly used federally illegal drug in the United States; 52.5 million people, or about 19% of Americans, used it at least once in 2021, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2024, “Cannabis Facts and Stats.”

Medically, marijuana is prescribed for pain relief, nausea reduction, and appetite stimulation in conditions like cancer and epilepsy. Recreationally, it is used for relaxation, euphoria, and social enjoyment. While some states have legalized its use, regulations vary widely, with ongoing debates about its benefits and risks. Marijuana is legal in New Jersey for both medical and recreational use, with medical marijuana legalized in 2010 and recreational use approved by voters in 2020.

The effects of marijuana include both short-term and long-term consequences. Users experience euphoria, altered perception, impaired memory, and coordination issues. Chronic use leads to respiratory problems, cognitive decline, mental health disorders, and increased heart risks. The severity of these effects depends on factors like dosage, frequency, and individual biology.

Marijuana is addictive like other psychoactive substances. While not as physically addictive as substances like opioids, long-term use leads to dependency. Withdrawal symptoms include irritability, sleep disturbances, and cravings. According to research by Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney AJ, Hall WD. et al. 2021, titled “Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder,” about 9% of users develop cannabis use disorder, with the risk increasing among frequent users and those who start at a young age.

What is Marijuana?

Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis plant. The primary active compound in marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible for its mind-altering effects, according to a drug factsheet by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Cannabis (Marijuana) DrugFacts.” Marijuana is used recreationally for its euphoric effects or medicinally to treat various health conditions such as chronic pain, nausea, and anxiety. Marijuana is smoked, vaporized, or consumed in edibles, depending on the preference of the user.

Marijuana appears as dried green or brown plant material, with varying stickiness depending on the strain and preparation method. The leaves and flowers, or buds, are the most commonly used parts of the plant. These buds are covered in trichomes, small, hair-like structures that contain THC and other cannabinoids. Marijuana also comes in concentrated forms, such as hashish or oils, which are more potent and have a different appearance.

Marijuana is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulations. This classification means it is considered to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use at the federal level. Marijuana’s legal status varies by state, as many states have legalized its medical or recreational use. Despite the federal classification, the shift toward legalization in several states reflects a growing acceptance of marijuana for both medical and recreational purposes.

Marijuana is classified as a psychoactive drug, specifically a cannabinoid. Cannabinoids are substances that act on the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, leading to effects such as altered senses, mood changes, and memory impairment. Marijuana primarily produces its effects through the interaction of THC with the endocannabinoid system in the body. In addition to THC, marijuana contains other cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), which does not produce psychoactive effects but has been found to have potential therapeutic benefits.

How Common is Marijuana Use?

Marijuana use is common both in the United States and in New Jersey, reflecting a trend toward increased acceptance and usage. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), approximately 18.7% of U.S. adults reported using marijuana in 2020, with the numbers rising as more states legalize it for medical and recreational purposes. 

In New Jersey, marijuana became legal for recreational use in 2020, and studies indicate that cannabis use in the state has surged since its legalization. According to the New Jersey Cannabis Regulatory Commission, over 2.5 million marijuana sales transactions were recorded in the first 6 months of legalization, showing a significant demand and acceptance among residents. 

Research from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) also highlights that usage rates tend to be higher among younger populations, with about 35% of people aged 18-25 reporting marijuana use.

How is Marijuana Consumed?  

Marijuana is consumed in various ways, including smoking, rolling, injecting, and brewing. Each consumption method has its unique effects on the body. Some methods allow for faster absorption, while others offer a longer-lasting effect. The route of administration significantly influences both the experience and potential risks associated with marijuana use.

Marijuana is consumed in the following ways:

• Smoking: Smoking marijuana is the most common method, where dried marijuana flowers are inhaled through a cigarette, pipe, or bong. Smoking allows for rapid absorption of THC, the active compound, into the bloodstream through the lungs, leading to almost immediate effects. Smoking marijuana irritates the lungs and increases the risk of respiratory issues over time.
• Rolling: Rolling marijuana into a joint or blunt is another form of smoking. The process involves grinding the marijuana and wrapping it in a paper or cigar wrap, which is then lit and smoked. This method is popular for social use but carries similar risks as smoking, including lung damage due to inhaling tar and other harmful chemicals.
• Injecting: While injecting marijuana is rare, some people have been known to inject marijuana extracts (such as THC oil). This method is very dangerous, as it bypasses the lungs and goes directly into the bloodstream, leading to more intense and potentially harmful effects. Injection also carries the risk of infections and damage to veins.
• Brewing: Brewing marijuana refers to steeping marijuana in hot water to make a tea or infusion. This method results in a slower onset of effects, as THC is absorbed through the digestive system. While it is a gentler way to consume marijuana, it is less potent than smoking or vaping and leads to digestive discomfort for some people.
• Dabbing: Dabbing involves heating concentrated marijuana extracts (such as wax or shatter) on a hot surface and inhaling the vapor. This method provides a very high dose of THC in a short amount of time, leading to powerful effects. It is considered one of the most dangerous methods due to the potency of concentrates and the risk of overconsumption, leading to adverse impacts like extreme anxiety or paranoia.
• Vaping: Vaping marijuana involves inhaling vaporized cannabis oil or flowers using a vaporizer device. This method is considered less harmful than smoking, as it doesn’t produce the same toxic byproducts. However, vaping marijuana still leads to lung irritation and other health risks, primarily if the vaping device is improperly used or contains unsafe additives.
• Eating: Eating marijuana in the form of edibles, like brownies or gummies, is another popular consumption method. When marijuana is consumed, the THC is processed by the liver, which converts it into a more potent form. The effects of edibles take longer to kick in, sometimes up to 2 hours, but they are much stronger and longer-lasting, increasing the risk of accidental overconsumption if not carefully dosed.

How Does Marijuana Work?

Marijuana works by interacting with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex system of receptors and neurotransmitters that helps regulate various physiological processes, such as mood, appetite, and pain sensation. The primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), binds to cannabinoid receptors, particularly CB1 and CB2, which are located in the brain and throughout the body, according to DEA.gov in “Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana/Cannabis.”

When THC binds to CB1 receptors, it produces the euphoric and psychoactive effects associated with marijuana use, affecting areas of the brain involved in memory, pleasure, and motor control. CB2 receptors, found mainly in the immune system, contribute to the anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. Research by Volkow ND. et al. 2014, titled “Adverse health effects of marijuana use,” has shown that THC’s action on these receptors provides therapeutic benefits, such as pain relief and reduction of anxiety, but also leads to adverse effects like memory impairment and impaired coordination.

What is Marijuana Used For?

Marijuana has a range of both medical and recreational uses. Medically, marijuana is prescribed to help manage chronic pain, reduce nausea in chemotherapy patients, and stimulate appetite in people with wasting diseases like HIV/AIDS, as studied by Turner AR, Patel P, Agrawal S., et al. 2024, titled “Marijuana.” It has also shown promise in reducing muscle spasticity in conditions like multiple sclerosis and alleviating symptoms of conditions like glaucoma and epilepsy. The cannabinoids in marijuana, particularly THC and CBD, interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system to produce therapeutic effects, such as pain relief, anti-inflammatory properties, and anxiety reduction. 

Recreationally, marijuana is commonly used for its psychoactive effects, which create feelings of relaxation, euphoria, and altered sensory perception. It is smoked, vaped, or consumed in edible forms and is popular for social use and as a means of stress relief. Despite the potential health benefits, marijuana use remains controversial in some regions due to concerns about its long-term effects on mental health and cognitive function.

What are the Effects of Marijuana?  

The effects of marijuana are diverse and impact both the body and mind. While marijuana provides short-term relief or euphoria for some, its long-term use has adverse consequences, especially when abused. It affects cognitive function, physical health, and mental well-being, potentially leading to addiction, cognitive deficits, and physical complications. Marijuana’s effects vary depending on individual factors like frequency of use, dose, and the method of consumption.

Short-Term Effects of Marijuana

The short-term effects of marijuana are given below:

• Euphoria and mood changes: Marijuana is known for producing feelings of euphoria or “high,” characterized by intense happiness or relaxation. However, it also causes unpredictable mood swings, making users feel anxious or irritable, especially with higher doses or in unfamiliar settings. This mood alteration is both pleasant and unsettling.
• Impaired memory: Marijuana affects short-term memory by impairing the brain’s ability to retain and process new information. Users experience difficulty recalling recent events or learning new tasks, according to a research article by Filbey FM et al. 2014, “Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain.” This effect lasts several hours after use and is problematic in work or educational settings.
• Sedation: One of the most common short-term effects is a sense of sedation or drowsiness, which can range from mild relaxation to a heavy, sleep-inducing effect. This is due to the psychoactive compounds in marijuana, particularly THC, that can relax the central nervous system. For some, this leads to unwanted lethargy or difficulty staying alert.
• Dizziness: Marijuana can cause dizziness or lightheadedness, which can make it challenging to stand, walk, or engage in activities requiring focus and balance. This effect is often more pronounced when smoking or vaping, especially if marijuana is consumed on an empty stomach.
• Slowed reaction time: THC slows down brain activity, which results in delayed reaction times. This can significantly affect the ability to respond quickly to environmental stimuli, such as while driving or performing tasks that require fast reflexes. This is one of the reasons why marijuana use impairs driving and increases the risk of accidents.
• Increased heart rate: Marijuana causes an increase in heart rate, sometimes referred to as tachycardia. This effect can cause anxiety for individuals with heart conditions, as the heart rate can increase by 20–50 beats per minute. Elevated heart rate may last for up to three hours after marijuana consumption, creating potential risks for those with cardiovascular problems.
• Dry mouth: “Cottonmouth,” or dry mouth, is one of the most common and uncomfortable short-term effects of marijuana. This occurs because marijuana inhibits saliva production, leaving users with a parched feeling in the mouth. The condition may make speaking and swallowing difficult, but hydration relieves it.
• Red eyes: Marijuana causes blood vessels in the eyes to expand, resulting in red or bloodshot eyes. This occurs due to the effects of THC on the body, which causes the blood pressure to drop and the eyes to dilate. While not harmful, red eyes can be a noticeable side effect and can lead to feelings of discomfort or embarrassment in public.
• Paranoia and anxiety: Marijuana, particularly when consumed in high doses or by individuals who are not familiar with its effects, induces feelings of paranoia, anxiety, or panic, according to a study by Freeman D, Dunn G, et al. 2015, “How cannabis causes paranoia: using the intravenous administration of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to identify key cognitive mechanisms leading to paranoia.” THC affects brain areas responsible for mood regulation, leading to heightened unease, sometimes as fear or irrational worries.
• Impaired motor coordination: Marijuana impairs motor coordination by affecting the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for movement and balance. Users find it difficult to walk steadily, perform fine motor skills, or operate machinery or vehicles, according to a study by Shrivastava A., Johnston M, Tsuang M., et al. 2015, “Cannabis use and cognitive dysfunction.” Reduced coordination increases the risk of falls, accidents, and injuries.

Long-Term Effects of Marijuana

The long-term effects of marijuana are given below:

• Heart disease: Prolonged marijuana use raises the risk of heart disease. In comparison, the immediate effects of marijuana cause an increased heart rate. Over time, the strain it places on the heart leads to hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. Marijuana use raises the heart rate by 20-50 beats per minute, which strains the heart, according to WebMD 2024, “How Marijuana Affects Your Body.” Those with preexisting conditions, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, face an elevated risk of heart attacks or strokes with chronic marijuana use.
• Schizophrenia: Marijuana use, particularly in adolescence or among individuals with a genetic predisposition, has been linked to an increased risk of developing mental health disorders like schizophrenia. Long-term use triggers the onset of psychotic symptoms in vulnerable individuals, with marijuana acting as a catalyst that accelerates the disorder’s development.
• Periodontal disease (gum disease): Long-term marijuana use can lead to issues with oral health, such as periodontal disease. The drug causes dry mouth, leading to decreased saliva production, which is necessary for cleaning the teeth and gums. This makes the mouth more susceptible to bacteria and plaque buildup, leading to gum disease, tooth decay, and bad breath.
• Impaired cognitive function: Chronic marijuana use results in long-lasting cognitive impairments. These include difficulties with memory, attention, and the ability to focus or make decisions, according to a study by Harvard Health Publishing 2022, “Cognitive effects in midlife of long-term cannabis use.” Long-term users struggle with tasks requiring mental clarity, including work, study, or complex problem-solving. Cognitive dysfunction persists even after cessation of use.
• Respiratory issues: Smoking marijuana is a leading cause of chronic respiratory issues, including bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The inhalation of marijuana smoke irritates the lungs, causing inflammation, mucus production, and damage to lung tissue, according to an article by the American Lung Association 2024, “Marijuana and Lung Health.” Over time, this leads to persistent coughing, wheezing, and breathing difficulties.
• Mental health issues: Long-term marijuana use has been associated with a range of mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and mood swings. A study by Rethink Mental Illness, “Can cannabis affect my mental health?” suggests that chronic use worsens pre-existing mental health disorders or even triggers new conditions, especially in those with a predisposition to psychiatric illness.
• Addiction: Marijuana leads to dependency, especially when used frequently over an extended period. Those who are addicted may experience cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and difficulty controlling their use. While marijuana is less physically addictive than other substances, psychological dependency still significantly disrupts a person’s life.
• Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: This rare condition is caused by chronic marijuana use and results in severe, recurrent nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, according to a study by Cue L, Chu F, Cascella M., et al. 2023, “Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome.” Affected individuals may need to seek medical treatment, as the condition is difficult to manage and requires discontinuing marijuana use to alleviate symptoms.
• Decreased motivation: Marijuana addiction can lead to “amotivational syndrome,” where individuals experience a lack of interest or motivation to pursue goals or responsibilities, according to an article by Psychology Today 2022, “Marijuana and Amotivational Syndrome.” This long-term effect can negatively impact a person’s professional and personal life, decreasing productivity and a diminished sense of purpose.
• Decreased sperm production: For male users, marijuana has been linked to a reduction in sperm count and motility, which impair fertility. Chronic use disrupts the endocrine system, reducing testosterone levels and impacting overall reproductive health.

What are the Risks of Marijuana? 

The risks of marijuana are accidents, injuries, mental health issues, and cognitive impairments. These risks are significant and affect various aspects of an individual’s health and well-being. While marijuana is viewed as a relatively harmless substance, its use carries various risks, especially when consumed frequently or in large quantities. The effects of marijuana impact mental, physical, and social functioning, leading to long-term complications in some instances.

The risks of marijuana are as follows:

• Motor vehicle crashes: Marijuana impairs motor coordination and reaction time, which increases the likelihood of accidents. A study by Sewell RA, Poling J, Sofuoglu M. et al. 2009, titled “The effect of cannabis compared with alcohol on driving,” has shown that marijuana use significantly impairs driving ability, similar to alcohol, raising the risk of crashes, mainly when used before operating a vehicle. This impairment affects attention, decision-making, and motor skills, leading to serious accidents and fatalities.
• Injury among adults over 65: For older adults, marijuana use increases the risk of falls and injuries. This is due to its effects on motor coordination, balance, and cognitive function, as studied by Workman CD, Fietsam AC, Sosnoff J, Rudroff T. et al. 2021, titled “Increased Likelihood of Falling in Older Cannabis Users vs. Non-Users.” In the elderly, the use of marijuana leads to dizziness, confusion, and unsteady movements, heightening the risk of falls and fractures. Marijuana interacts with other medications, exacerbating these risks.
• Athletic performance: Marijuana negatively affects athletic performance by impairing motor coordination, endurance, and focus. The psychoactive compound THC decreases physical abilities, reducing reaction times and decision-making skills during sports. Athletes who use marijuana experience slower reaction speeds, poor coordination, and reduced stamina, which impact performance in both recreational and professional settings.
• Mental health issues: Chronic marijuana use has been linked to various mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, paranoia, and psychosis. THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, alter brain chemistry, leading to mood changes and cognitive impairments. According to a study by Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SR. et al. 2014, titled “Adverse health effects of marijuana use,” long-term use, especially in individuals with a predisposition to mental health conditions, increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia or anxiety disorders.
• Cognitive impairments: Marijuana use leads to long-term cognitive issues, particularly in adolescents and young adults whose brains are still developing. Regular use results in memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and slower cognitive processing. These cognitive deficits persist even after ceasing marijuana use, potentially impacting academic or professional performance.
• Respiratory problems: Smoking marijuana is linked to chronic respiratory issues, including chronic bronchitis, coughing, and phlegm production. The inhalation of marijuana smoke irritates the lungs, causing inflammation and damage to lung tissue, as discussed by the American Lungs Association in “Marijuana and Lung Health.” Over time, this results in persistent breathing difficulties, similar to the effects of smoking tobacco, and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Addiction: While not as physically addictive as substances like alcohol or opioids, marijuana still leads to psychological dependence and addiction. Individuals who develop a marijuana use disorder experience cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and an inability to control their usage. This leads to negative effects on relationships, work, and social life, and individuals need professional help to quit.
• Decreased academic and work performance: Marijuana use interferes with concentration, memory, and overall cognitive function, which reduces performance in academic or professional settings. Students experience difficulties in retaining information or completing assignments, while employees find it challenging to meet deadlines or work efficiently. Over time, this leads to poor grades or job performance and could jeopardize future opportunities.
• Weakened immune system: Chronic marijuana use has been shown to impair the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. THC and other compounds in marijuana affect the body’s immune response, decreasing its ability to fight off pathogens and viruses. This leads to an increased frequency of sickness and a slower recovery process.
• Legal consequences: Marijuana use and possession are still illegal in some states and countries, and individuals who use marijuana may face legal consequences, including fines, arrest, or imprisonment. Even in regions where marijuana is legalized, individuals may face legal issues if they drive under the influence, possess marijuana in restricted areas, or violate other local regulations.

What are the Risks of Using Marijuana During Pregnancy?

The risks of using marijuana during pregnancy are significant and affect both the mother and the developing fetus. Marijuana use during pregnancy has been associated with a variety of adverse effects on fetal development, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. THC, the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, crosses the placenta and interferes with normal brain development and overall fetal health. 

According to a study by Badowski S, Smith G., et al. 2020, titled “Cannabis Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum,” prenatal marijuana exposure has been linked to cognitive impairments, behavioral issues, and long-term developmental problems. The research suggests that marijuana use during pregnancy increases the risk of developmental delays, attention problems, and learning disabilities in children. 

Can You Overdose on Marijuana? 

Yes, you can overdose on marijuana, but it is extremely rare and not fatal. Unlike substances like opioids or alcohol, marijuana has a relatively high safety margin, and it is unlikely to result in a fatal overdose. The main reason for overdose symptoms is consuming large amounts of THC, which overwhelm the body’s receptors. Although the overdose is not life-threatening, it still leads to unpleasant and distressing symptoms.

Overdose symptoms of marijuana include:

• Anxiety
• Panic attacks
• Paranoia
• Vomiting
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Hallucinations
• Increased heart rate

Is Marijuana Addictive?

Yes, marijuana is addictive. Research by Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney AJ, Hall WD. et al. 2021, titled “Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder” indicates that frequent and prolonged use of marijuana leads to cannabis use disorder (CUD), which is characterized by dependence and withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), approximately 9% of individuals who use marijuana will develop marijuana addiction, and this risk increases to 17% for those who start using it in adolescence. Long-term marijuana use alters brain circuits related to motivation, reward, and decision-making, making it difficult for individuals to control their consumption. 

How Addictive is Marijuana?

Marijuana is moderately addictive, but its addictive potential increases with frequent and heavy use. A study by Coffey C & Patton GC et al. 2016, titled “Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Review of Findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study.” suggests that 30% of marijuana users develop some degree of cannabis use disorder (CUD).

Individuals who use marijuana daily are more likely to develop a psychological dependence due to changes in brain chemistry, particularly in the endocannabinoid system. Research published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence indicates that individuals with CUD experience withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and continued use despite negative consequences. The risk of addiction is significantly higher in individuals who start using marijuana at a young age or use high-THC strains.

What are the Withdrawal Symptoms of Marijuana?

The withdrawal symptoms of marijuana are anxiety, depression, insomnia and nausea. These withdrawal symptoms occur in individuals who have developed dependence and suddenly stop using it. Symptoms begin within 24 to 72 hours after the last use and last up to two weeks. However, some psychological symptoms persist longer, as studied by Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Budney AJ, Le Foll B, Hall WD. et al. 2022, titled “Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.” The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends on the frequency and duration of marijuana use.

Common withdrawal symptoms include:

• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Decreased appetite
• Headaches
• Sweating
• Chills
• Nausea
• Intense cravings

How Long Does Marijuana Stay in Your System?

Marijuana stays in your system for anywhere between 24 hours and 90 days, depending on the frequency of use, metabolism, and type of drug test, according to Healthline in “How Long Does Weed Stay in Your System?” The active compound in marijuana, THC, has a half-life of approximately 24 to 48 hours, but its metabolites linger in the body much longer. Blood tests detect marijuana for up to 3 days in occasional users and up to 25 days in chronic users.

Urine tests, the most commonly used method, identify THC for 3 to 30 days, with frequent users testing positive for longer periods. Saliva tests detect marijuana for 24 to 72 hours, while hair follicle tests have the longest detection window, showing traces of marijuana use for up to 90 days.

Since THC is fat-soluble, it accumulates in fat cells and is gradually released over time, meaning individuals with higher body fat percentages retain THC for longer durations. Other factors, such as hydration levels, metabolism, and physical activity, also influence how quickly marijuana is eliminated from the system. Although some detox methods claim to speed up the process, there is no foolproof way to clear THC from the body rapidly.

How Was Marijuana Popularized?

The history of marijuana dates back thousands of years and has been intertwined with various cultures and civilizations. Here’s a brief historical overview:

• Ancient Use: Marijuana’s use can be traced back to ancient civilizations. It was used for medicinal, religious, and recreational purposes in cultures such as those in China, India, and the Middle East.
• Medicinal Use: In ancient China, marijuana was used for its medicinal properties, documented as early as 2737 BCE in the writings of Emperor Shen Neng. It was believed to treat various ailments, including rheumatism and malaria.
• religious and Cultural Significance: In India, marijuana has religious significance, particularly in the practice of Hinduism. The plant was associated with the god Shiva, and it was used in religious ceremonies.
• Introduction to the Western World: Marijuana was introduced to the Western world by explorers and travelers in the 19th century. Its medicinal use gained popularity in Europe and North America during this time.
• Prohibition: In the early 20th century, several countries, including the United States, began imposing restrictions on marijuana due to concerns about its psychoactive effects. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively banned its use.
• Counterculture Movement: In the 1960s and 1970s, marijuana experienced a resurgence in popularity, largely driven by the counterculture movement. It became associated with anti-establishment sentiments and was used recreationally by many.
• Medical Marijuana Movement: Starting in the late 20th century, there was a growing movement to legalize marijuana for medical use. California was the first U.S. state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996, leading to a trend of legalization in many other states.
• Recent Legalization: In the 21st century, there has been a significant shift in attitudes toward marijuana. Several countries and U.S. states have legalized it for both medical and recreational use, with ongoing debates about the potential benefits and risks.

Dr. Michael Olla, Medical Director at Valley Spring Recovery Center, emphasizes that removing cannabis from Schedule I was appropriate and long overdue. Cannabis is not in the same category as heroin and has very low lethality if taken in overdose. He notes that there are legal substances that are arguably much more dangerous, and there are virtually no reports of fatal cannabis overdose in humans. However, Dr. Olla highlights the difference between recreational and medicinal use of cannabis, with the latter offering promising new horizons for the treatment of various diseases and has demonstrated its medical usefulness in a variety of illnesses safely and effectively since at least 2008. The American College of Physicians called for a review of cannabis’s Schedule I classification in its position paper titled “Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana.”

The historical background of marijuana is complex, marked by periods of acceptance, prohibition, and renewed interest. Today, it continues to be a subject of debate and evolving legislation in many parts of the world.

What is the Legal Status of Marijuana?

The legal status of marijuana in the United States varies by state. Federally, marijuana remains classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning it is illegal at the national level. However, individual states have enacted their own laws regarding marijuana use. Some states have fully legalized marijuana for both medical and recreational use, while others allow only medical marijuana with restrictions. Several states still prohibit marijuana entirely, enforcing criminal penalties for possession, distribution, and cultivation.

Is Marijuana Legal in New Jersey?

Yes, marijuana is legal in New Jersey for both medical and recreational use. The state legalized medical marijuana in 2010 under the Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act. In 2020, New Jersey voters approved the legalization of recreational marijuana through a ballot measure changing marijuana laws and leading to the enactment of the Cannabis Regulatory, Enforcement Assistance, and Marketplace Modernization Act. Adults 21 and older legally possess and purchase marijuana from licensed dispensaries. However, certain restrictions apply, including limits on possession and public consumption.

What are the Other Names for Marijuana (Mary Jane)?  

The other names for marijuana include dope, pot, grass, weed, head, Mary Jane, doobie, bud, ganja, hashish, hash, and bhang. These names vary by region, culture, and social circles, with some being more commonly used in specific communities. Mary Jane is a well-known slang term derived from the Spanish pronunciation of “marijuana” and is associated with casual or recreational use. Street names such as weed and pot are widely recognized, while ganja has roots in Indian and Rastafarian culture. Hash and hashish specifically refer to a concentrated resin extracted from marijuana plants, offering a more potent effect. Regardless of the name, marijuana remains one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances globally. 

Is Marijuana Considered a Drug?

Yes, marijuana is considered a drug which is classified as a psychoactive substance that affects brain function, altering perception, mood, consciousness, and behavior. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), marijuana contains delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary compound responsible for its mind-altering effects. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies marijuana as a Schedule I drug, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and no federally accepted medical use, although some states have legalized it for medicinal and recreational purposes.

Is Marijuana a Hallucinogen?

Yes, marijuana is considered a hallucinogen because high doses of THC induce hallucinations. While it is primarily classified as a depressant with stimulant effects, high doses of THC induce hallucinations, altered perceptions, and distorted sensory experiences. According to a study published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), THC interacts with the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, affecting neural communication and leading to psychedelic-like effects in some users. Though marijuana is not classified strictly as a hallucinogen like LSD or psilocybin, it shares certain properties with hallucinogenic substances. 

What Drugs Are Similar to Marijuana?

The drugs that are similar to marijuana are synthetic cannabinoids, LSD, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and certain sedatives. These substances, like marijuana, alter perception and cognitive function, but they vary in intensity and effects. Synthetic cannabinoids, called K2 or Spice, mimic THC’s effects but are chemically different and potentially more dangerous. LSD and psilocybin share marijuana’s ability to distort perception but cause more profound hallucinogenic experiences, as studied by Kuc J, Kettner H, Rosas F, et al. 2022, titled “Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey.” Certain sedatives, such as benzodiazepines, also induce relaxation similar to marijuana, though through different neurological pathways.

Is Synthetic Marijuana the Same as Natural Marijuana?

No, synthetic marijuana is not the same as natural marijuana. Synthetic cannabinoids, commonly known as K2 or Spice, are man-made chemicals designed to mimic THC’s effects but are significantly more potent and unpredictable, as studied by Yeruva RR, Mekala HM, Sidhu M, Lippmann S. et al. 2019, titled “Synthetic Cannabinoids-“Spice” Can Induce a Psychosis: A Brief Review.” Unlike natural marijuana, which comes from the Cannabis plant, synthetic marijuana consists of lab-produced compounds sprayed onto plant material. 

Adolescents, particularly males and African Americans make up 40% of all users, with many first-time synthetic marijuana users having a history of marijuana use, according to a study by Bassir NA, Medrano B, Perkel C, et al. 2016, “Psychiatric comorbidity associated with synthetic cannabinoid use compared to cannabis.” Synthetic cannabinoid consumption is most common among individuals who are single, divorced, separated, homeless, or unemployed. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), synthetic cannabinoids cause severe health effects, including paranoia, rapid heart rate, kidney damage, and even death. Natural marijuana, while not without risks, has a more predictable profile in terms of effects and side effects. 

Is Hashish the Same as Marijuana?

No, hashish is not the same as marijuana, but it is a concentrated form of it. Hashish is made by extracting and compressing the resin glands (trichomes) from the cannabis plant, resulting in a more potent substance with a higher THC concentration, according to Drugs.com “Hashish: Effects, Hazards & Methods of Abuse.” While both hashish and marijuana originate from the Cannabis plant, hashish has stronger psychoactive effects due to its higher THC content. According to a study published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), hashish produces more intense euphoria, sedation, and impairment compared to traditional marijuana use.