15 Behavioral Addictions: Definition, Causes, Effects, and Treatment

behavioral addiction

Behavioral addiction is a compulsive, non-logical engagement in normal actions. Individuals with behavioral addictions cannot cease their actions, often hiding and lying about them, leading to long-term consequences like social withdrawal, depression, and medical conditions. Behavioral addictions share common origins, such as childhood trauma, life stressors, family history, substance abuse, and psychological disorders, which can be treated with psychotherapeutic measures.

The causes of behavioral addiction are complex and multifaceted, with various factors contributing to its development. These include addictiveness, stress and self-esteem, and social anxiety. Overusing addictive behaviors can result in many health and personal relationship problems similar to those seen in substance addictions.

The treatment options for behavioral addiction include cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management, and medication-assisted treatment. These approaches aim to help individuals understand the underlying causes of their addiction, develop coping skills, and learn healthier ways to manage stress and negative emotions. It is crucial to seek help as soon as possible, as addiction is treatable.

What is a behavioral addiction?

Behavioral addictions are repetitive impulsive behaviors that occur despite negative effects on the individual and their relatives. Often accompanied by feelings of tension or arousal before committing the act, and pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing the act.

Behavioral addictions share many similarities with substance use disorders, such as onset in adolescence and young adulthood, higher rates in these age groups than among older adults, and the ego-syntonic nature of the behaviors. Both behavioral and substance addictions have phenomenological similarities, such as an urge or craving state prior to initiating the behavior, and decreasing anxiety and resulting in a positive mood state or “high” similar to substance intoxication.

Villella et al.’s 2011 study found that many teens and young adults have behavioral addictions, which means they can’t control certain behaviors. These include:

  • Pathological Gambling (PG): 7.0% of teens gamble too much.
  • Compulsive Buying (CB): 11.3% can’t stop shopping.
  • Internet Addiction (IA): 1.2% use the internet excessively.
  • Work Addiction (WA): 7.6% work too much.
  • Exercise Addiction (EA): 8.5% exercise too much.

The study showed that these behaviors are connected, meaning if someone has one addiction, they are likely to have others too.

what is behavioral addiction

What is the difference between behavioral addiction and physical addiction?

The distinction between behavioral addiction and physical addiction is that behavioral addiction involves a compulsive involvement in an activity other than substance use, while physical addiction arises from substance abuse.

The National Cancer Institute defines physical addiction as the presence of unpleasant physical symptoms upon discontinuation or reduced intake of the substance. Conversely, behavioral addiction is characterized by persistent participation in an activity despite its detrimental effects on an individual’s well-being.

This table explores the complex differences and similarities between behavioral and physical addiction, exploring the defining characteristics, symptoms, treatment options, and outcomes for each type of addiction.

AspectBehavioral AddictionPhysical Addiction
DefinitionCompulsive behavior despite negative consequencesPhysical dependence on a substance or substance-like experience
CharacteristicsEscalating behavior, loss of control, and preoccupationWithdrawal symptoms, tolerance, and physical dependence
Brain ResponseActivation of the reward system, release of dopamineActivation of reward system, release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters
SymptomsSocial isolation, financial problems, and emotional distressPhysical symptoms such as tremors, sweating, and nausea
TreatmentCognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, and medicationMedication-assisted treatment, behavioral therapy, and support groups
WithdrawalNoneWithdrawal symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and anxiety
Physical DependenceNonePhysical dependence on the substance or substance-like experience
Psychological DependenceHighHigh
CravingHighHigh
Relapse RateHighHigh
ComorbidityOften comorbid with other mental health disordersOften comorbid with other mental health disorders
Social ImpactNegative impact on relationships and daily lifeNegative impact on relationships and daily life
Treatment OutcomesVaries, but often successful with long-term recoveryVaries, but often successful with long-term recovery

What is the difference between behavioral addiction and substance addiction?

Behavioral addiction involves compulsive actions or behaviors, while substance or drug addiction is dependence on substances or drugs. Repetitive engagement in compulsive behavior triggers brief happiness from neurotransmitter release, such as dopamine. Common behavioral addictions include exercise, food, and internet addiction. In contrast, substance addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on substance ingestion, leading to temporary dopamine highs and pleasure sensations.

The table below presents the key differences between behavioral addictions and substance addictions:

AspectsBehavioral AddictionSubstance Addiction
DefinitionCompulsive engagement in a non-substance-related behavior despite negative consequences.Compulsive use of a psychoactive substance despite negative consequences.
ExamplesGambling, video gaming, shopping, exercise, internet use, sex.Alcohol, drugs (cocaine, heroin, cannabis), nicotine, prescription medications.
Physical DependenceNo.Yes, the body becomes reliant on the substance to function normally.
Withdrawal SymptomsPrimarily psychological.Can be both physical and psychological.
Brain ChangesAffects the brain’s reward system, similar to substance addiction.Alters brain chemistry, potentially leading to permanent damage.
TreatmentTherapy, support groups, lifestyle changes.Detoxification, therapy, support groups, medication.

What are the 15 Common types of behavioral addictions?

The 11 common types of behavioral addictions are porn addiction, sex addiction, shopping addiction, binge eating/food addiction, gambling addiction, internet addiction, tattoo addiction, video game addiction, love addiction, work addiction, and exercise addiction.

1. Porn addiction

Porn addiction, a compulsive behavior, leads to negative consequences in mental, physical, and social health. Hormone imbalance, substance addiction, relationship difficulties, stress escape, and medical conditions like epilepsy and dementia may cause porn addiction

According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine, porn addicts exhibit cravings, constant masturbation, risky behaviors, unsatisfactory sex life, and anxiety. Long-term consequences include social withdrawal, body weakness, and depression.

The development of internet pornography addiction is influenced by various psychological factors, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Exposure to pornography at an early age or using it as a coping mechanism for stress can also contribute to developing this addiction. Additionally, elevated dopamine levels, changes in brain chemistry, underlying mental health conditions, lack of sexual satisfaction, and the desire to escape from stress and other issues further exacerbate the problem.

Porn addiction leads to impaired control, impairment, and risky use, affecting relationships, work, and financial well-being. According to de Alarcón, Rubén et al.’s 2019 systematic review, “Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don’t”, the triple-A factors of accessibility, affordability, and anonymity contribute to the risk of developing an addiction to online pornography use. The review notes that hypersexual disorder, which may involve problematic use of online pornography (POPU), is a complex entity with adverse effects on sexual development and sexual functioning, especially among the young population.

Treatment for excessive porn use involves seeking help from a qualified therapist or counselor, who can use evidence-based therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and schema therapy to address underlying issues and change maladaptive behaviors. According to Todd Love, Christian Laier, Matthias Brand, Linda Hatch, and Raju Hajela’s 2015 review on “Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update,” internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction, highlighting the need for comprehensive treatment approaches.

2. Sex addiction

Sex addiction refers to excessive sexual thoughts, desires, urges, or behaviors that cannot be controlled and cause distress and harm to one's relationships, finances, and other aspects of life. Sexual addiction is also known as hypersexuality, compulsive sexual behavior, and other names.

According to Dickenson, J. A. et al.'s 2018 study "Prevalence of Distress Associated With Difficulty Controlling Sexual Urges, Feelings, and Behaviors in the United States", 8.6% (7.0% of Women and 10.3% of men) of the nationally representative sample endorsed clinically relevant levels of distress and/or impairment associated with difficulty controlling sexual feelings, urges, and behaviors.

Sex addiction can manifest in various ways, including obsessive thinking about sex, spending excessive time planning and engaging in sexual activities, frequent use of pornography or engaging in other forms of sexual activity, and difficulty controlling sexual urges and behaviors.

The causes of sex addiction include genetic predisposition, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma or abuse, environmental factors, such as exposure to explicit content or peer pressure, and sociocultural factors, such as societal expectations around sexuality and relationships.

Symptoms of Sex Addiction include obsessive sexual thoughts and urges, frequent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), feeling intense shame or guilt after sex, inability to stop sexual behavior and engaging in paraphilia (Abnormal Sexual Behavior)

Sex addiction refers to excessive sexual thoughts, desires, urges, or behaviors that cannot be controlled and cause distress and harm to one’s relationships, finances, and other aspects of life. Sexual addiction is also known as hypersexuality, compulsive sexual behavior, and other names.

According to Dickenson, J. A. et al.’s 2018 study “Prevalence of Distress Associated With Difficulty Controlling Sexual Urges, Feelings, and Behaviors in the United States”, 8.6% (7.0% of Women and 10.3% of men) of the nationally representative sample endorsed clinically relevant levels of distress and/or impairment associated with difficulty controlling sexual feelings, urges, and behaviors.

Sex addiction can manifest in various ways, including obsessive thinking about sex, spending excessive time planning and engaging in sexual activities, frequent use of pornography or engaging in other forms of sexual activity, and difficulty controlling sexual urges and behaviors.

The causes of sex addiction include genetic predisposition, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma or abuse, environmental factors, such as exposure to explicit content or peer pressure, and sociocultural factors, such as societal expectations around sexuality and relationships.

Symptoms of Sex Addiction include obsessive sexual thoughts and urges, frequent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), feeling intense shame or guilt after sex, inability to stop sexual behavior and engaging in paraphilia (Abnormal Sexual Behavior)

Treatment for sex addiction typically involves a combination of therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, support groups, such as Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA) and medications, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs.

3. Shopping addiction

shopping addiction definition

Shopping addiction, also known as compulsive buying disorder, is a behavioral addiction characterized by an excessive and uncontrollable urge to buy things, often leading to financial problems, debt, and emotional distress.  According to Koran et al.’s study, the estimated point prevalence of compulsive buying among respondents was 5.8% (by gender: 6.0% for women, 5.5% for men). The gender-adjusted prevalence rate was 5.8%.

Signs of Shopping Addiction include frequent and excessive shopping, often accompanied by feelings of guilt or shame; difficulty controlling spending habits, leading to financial problems and debt; hoarding or accumulating large quantities of items, often without a practical use; feeling anxious or irritable when unable to shop or buy something, neglecting responsibilities, relationships, or work due to excessive shopping.

Shopping addiction is caused by loneliness and stress, where individuals may use shopping as a coping mechanism. Additionally, marketing and advertising can trigger impulsive buying, while certain personality traits like impulsivity and sensation-seeking may increase the risk of developing a shopping addiction. Financial literacy is negatively associated with Problematic Internet Shopping, suggesting that individuals with lower financial literacy are more likely to engage in Problematic Internet Shopping according to Lam, Lawrence T. et al.’s 2017 study “The association between financial literacy and Problematic Internet Shopping in a multinational sample”.

Online shopping addiction treatment involves addressing the underlying causes of excessive online shopping and developing strategies to manage triggers and emotions.

4. Food addiction

Food addiction is the inability to resist eating due to the brain’s chemical reactions that create pleasure and satisfaction, despite negative consequences. Individuals with food addiction may experience physiological changes, emotional responses, and compulsive eating behaviors similar to those experienced by individuals with substance use disorders.

According to Yi Zhang et al.’s 2011 study “Food Addiction and Neuroimaging”, obesity has become a serious epidemic and one of the leading global health problems. The food addiction model suggests that food is not eaten as much for survival as pleasure and that hedonic overeating is relevant to both substance-related disorders and eating disorders. Accumulating evidence has shown that there are a number of shared neural and hormonal pathways as well as distinct differences in these pathways. This may help researchers discover why certain individuals continue to overeat despite health and other consequences and become more and more obese.

people can become “addicted” to this behavior, similarly to how some people are addicted to drugs.

Novelle, M. G., et al.’s 2018 review “Food Addiction and Binge Eating: Lessons Learned from Animal Models –

Symptoms of food addiction include craving for specific foods, loss of control over food intake, weight gain or health problems, increased tolerance to addictive foods over time, feeling anxious or depressed when unable to access the addictive foods, and spending a significant amount of time thinking about food or planning meals.

The symptoms, cravings, and causes of “eating addiction” are remarkably similar to those experienced by drug addicts, and both drug-seeking behavior and eating addiction share the same neural pathways. However, while the drug addiction process has been highly characterized, eating addiction is a nascent field.

According to a study by Fauconnier, M., et al. (2020). Food Addiction among Female Patients Seeking Treatment for an Eating Disorder: Prevalence and Associated Factors published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, adult women with eating disorders seeking treatment at an eating disorder center, it was discovered that 83.6% of the participants met the criteria for food addiction. This finding was based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale, which measures the level of addiction to food.

Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are more likely to meet the criteria for food addiction and are at an increased risk of weight gain and chronic disease as per the study done by Mills, Jessica G., et al.’s 2020 study “Overeating and food addiction in Major Depressive Disorder: Links to peripheral dopamine”.

Treatment for food addiction includes nutritional guidance and education to help individuals develop healthy eating habits and identify trigger foods and cognitive-behavioral therapy to help individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with food addiction. Other treatments are:

  • Support groups, such as food addiction support groups or online forums, provide a sense of community and support for individuals struggling with food addiction.
  • Medications, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications, help manage symptoms of depression or anxiety that may be related to food addiction.

5. Gambling addiction

Gambling addiction is an uncontrollable urge to engage in gambling activities despite the negative consequences it brings to one’s life. The DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction within the category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. The DSM-5 describes behavioral addiction as characterized by cravings, strong urges, and disruptions in one’s functioning related to a particular behavior.

Gambling addiction in the USA is a growing public health concern, with rates of problem gambling having almost doubled in the last decade, affecting around 7-11% of the emerging adult population. About 61% of New Jersey residents gambled in the past year, down from 70% in the prior survey, likely due to COVID-19 and the proportion of individuals gambling exclusively online nearly tripled to 15%, while land-based-only gambling dropped significantly to 49% which highlights the accessibility and ease for individuals to gamble online according to the Rutgers center for gambling studies 2023 report titled “The Prevalence of Online and Land-Based Gambling in New Jersey.”

According to Gloria Wong et al.’s 2013 study, men tend to have higher levels of gambling involvement and problems compared to women, with men taking more risks and having lower levels of impulsive coping than women. In New Jersey in, Men (66.3%) were more likely to gamble than women (56.4%), with a significant increase in online-only and mixed-venue gambling for both genders according to The Rutgers center for gambling studies 2023.

The signs and symptoms of compulsive gambling include feeling the need to keep gambling to recoup losses or chase big wins, anxiety, lying to friends about winnings, guilt, shame, etc. Other symptoms are:

  • Hiding one’s gambling behavior from others and potentially committing fraud or theft to finance their habit.
  • Feeling the need to escape reality or cope with stress through gambling.

According to the National Research Council (1999), gambling addiction in the United States is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The etiology of pathological and problem gambling is uncertain, but likely, risk factors such as genetics, personality traits, environmental factors, and life experiences contribute to an individual’s propensity for gambling addiction.

The effects of compulsive gambling are debt, financial difficulties, legal problems, depression, and physical problems like sleep disturbances and mood disorders.

Gambling addiction treatment includes counseling, support groups, medication, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and lifestyle changes such as stress management, sleep hygiene, and fostering healthy relationships. Gamblers Anonymous, an international fellowship, has been effective for many who struggle with compulsive gambling.

6. Internet addiction

internet addiction definition

Excessive internet use, often referred to as internet addiction, is a complex issue studied by Martha Shaw in her research titled “Internet addiction: definition, assessment, epidemiology, and clinical management.” This behavior is driven by the brain’s ‘dopamine reward system, which can lead to addiction. Factors such as high-stress levels, psychological disorders, genetics, loneliness, and environmental factors can contribute to the development of internet addiction.

According to Cash, H. et al.’s 2012 article “Internet Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice,” surveys conducted in the United States and Europe reveal prevalence rates ranging from 1.5% to 8.2% for IAD.

Symptoms of internet addiction may include headaches, insomnia, poor nutrition, decreased interest in leisure activities, using the internet during social gatherings, anxiety, isolation, and feelings of guilt.

Treatment for excessive internet use starts with Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which, focuses on identifying and modifying negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with excessive internet use. According to Young, Kimberly S. (1998), CBT has proven effective in addressing internet addiction by challenging dysfunctional beliefs, developing coping strategies, and promoting healthier alternative activities. Psychological and pharmacological interventions also assist in mitigating problematic internet usage, depression, and anxiety. According to Winkler, Alexander et al.’s (2013) meta-analysis, a review of 16 studies found that both psychological and pharmacological interventions demonstrated significant improvements in internet addiction symptoms, time spent online, depression, and anxiety from pre-treatment to post-treatment. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) recommends a multi-faceted approach to address internet addiction, including individual therapy, family therapy, and support groups.

7. Tattoo addiction

tattoo addiction definition

Tattoo addiction is characterized by a strong psychological attachment to the act of getting tattoos, leading to a cycle of dependency and compulsive behavior. While not yet a recognized disorder, tattoo addiction is a growing concern. Characterized by a compulsive need for tattoos, it can lead to excessive spending and time investment as well as a body covered in ink.  According to Möazen et al.’s 2018 study, “Prevalence of Drug Injection, Sexual Activity, Tattooing, and Piercing Among Prison Inmates,” tattooing is a common risk behavior among prisoners, with a prevalence rate of 11.3% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 17.3% in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and 20.2% in Asia Pacific.

Tattoo addiction is also associated with substance use disorders. Alcohol, marijuana, antidepressants, and sedatives are significant correlates of having tattoos among adolescent detainees. According to Ronald Braithwaite et al.’s 2001 study “Tattooing and body piercing among adolescent detainees: Relationship to alcohol and other drug use”, 29% of the sample had at least one tattoo, and more than half (69%) had at least one body piercing.

According to the Statista report from 2018, roughly 46% of Americans have at least one tattoo. 30% of those with tattoos have 2-3, and 19% have 4-5. (Source: Statista, 2019)

Tattoo addiction is dangerous because it include increased risk of infection, skin allergies, scarring, blood-borne diseases, and cancer as well as different issues which can arise from the ink including making individuals blind who tattoo their eyes. It requires specific treatment approaches due to its behavioral nature. Cognitive behavioral therapy and counseling can be effective in addressing this addiction.

8. Video game addiction

video game addiction definition

According to Mohammad et al. (2023), video game addiction is defined as the steady and repetitive use of the Internet to play games frequently with different gamers, potentially leading to negative consequences in many aspects of life. This addiction has become a serious public health issue with increased prevalence, with many studies showing that it leads to changes in the brain that are similar to those that occur in substance addiction and gambling.

Symptoms of video game addiction include the inability to stop or limit gaming despite negative consequences and the prioritization of gaming over daily activities and interests.

The causes of video game addiction include constant pursuit of the enjoyable aspects of gaming, difficulty controlling urges to play, using gaming as an escape from emotional distress, and preference for immediate rewards offered by games.

The consequences of video game addiction include difficulty sleeping due to excessive gaming, increased absenteeism and declining academic performance, fatigue, restlessness, and hunger. Other physical symptoms associated with excessive gaming include anger and irritability, neglect of hobbies and hygiene, and isolation from friends and family.

Treatment options for video game addiction include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), self-help groups, addressing underlying thoughts and behaviors, and PIPATIC: A structured program focusing on self-control and motivation.

9. Love addiction

Love addiction, also known as pathological love, is a term used to describe a pattern of unhealthy behaviors characterized by an excessive focus on romantic partners. It can lead to a lack of control, neglecting other aspects of life, and experiencing negative consequences.

According to a 2019 paper published in the European Journal of Psychiatry by Sanches and John, love addiction is estimated to affect 3-10% of the general population, but that number may be higher in certain groups.

The concept of “love addiction” is debated, with some arguing it shares similarities to substance addictions due to its brain chemistry and behaviors, but unlike substance addictions, most people desire to experience love. A study by Helen E. Fisher et al. published in the Journal of Neurophysiology in 2010 used fMRI (functional MRI) to examine brain activity in people who had recently been rejected by a romantic partner. The study found that rejection-activated areas of the brain are associated with reward, motivation, addiction, and emotion regulation. This suggests that the brain responds to romantic rejection similarly that it responds to withdrawal from drugs.

According to a study by Earp et al. in Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology, symptoms of love addiction can include intense emotions, preoccupation with the loved one, and negative emotions when separated.

Psychotherapy is the primary treatment for love addiction.

10. Work addiction

work addiction definition

Work addiction, also known as workaholism, is an uncontrollable compulsion to work excessively, neglecting personal needs and responsibilities. It often stems from a deep-seated need for validation, control, or a desire to avoid other aspects of life.

Work addiction can be caused by various factors, including underlying mental health conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder. It can also stem from an individual’s personality traits, such as a high need for achievement or a strong work ethic. Furthermore, workplace culture can contribute to work addiction by promoting excessive work hours and a competitive environment. Additionally, environmental factors, such as a lack of personal support or stressful life events, can increase the risk of developing work addiction.

Work addiction symptoms include excessive and compulsive work, neglecting personal and social life, and experiencing feelings of guilt or anxiety when not working.

Work addiction treatment options include addressing the individual’s interaction with their environment and building self-efficacy.

Work addiction, also known as workaholism, is an uncontrollable compulsion to work excessively, neglecting personal needs and responsibilities. It often stems from a deep-seated need for validation, control, or a desire to avoid other aspects of life. It is common for individuals who work compulsively to also suffer from mental health conditions and have other issues such as hoarding according to Mark D. Griffiths Ph.D. 2016 article titled Workaholism and Psychiatric Disorders.

Work addiction can be caused by various factors, including underlying mental health conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder. It can also stem from an individual’s personality traits, such as a high need for achievement or a strong work ethic. Furthermore, workplace culture can contribute to work addiction by promoting excessive work hours and a competitive environment. Additionally, environmental factors, such as a lack of personal support or stressful life events, can increase the risk of developing work addiction.

Work addiction symptoms include excessive and compulsive work, neglecting personal and social life, and experiencing feelings of guilt or anxiety when not working.

Work addiction treatment options include addressing the individual’s interaction with their environment and building self-efficacy.

Effective treatments for work addiction focus on the individual’s interaction with their environment and building self-efficacy. According to Peele, S. (1990), in the article “What works in addiction treatment and what doesn’t: is the best therapy no therapy?”, therapies that emphasize teaching coping skills, mobilizing community support, and instilling prosocial values have shown higher success rates than those that focus solely on the disease model. It is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to treatment, considering the individual’s mental health, personality traits, workplace culture, and environmental factors. Effective treatment involves not only addressing the compulsive work behavior but also building a supportive environment and developing coping strategies.

11. Exercise addiction

Exercise addiction, also known as compulsive exercise, is a controversial term that describes an unhealthy obsession with exercise, bodily movement, and/or physical fitness. This excessive focus on exercise can can result in negative consequences and disrupt one’s daily life. Despite the lack of official diagnostic criteria, exercise addiction shares similarities with substance use disorder and other behavioral addictions.

Exercise addiction is not a formally recognized symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but it can share similar characteristics. OCD involves recurring, intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, whereas an excessive focus on exercise characterizes exercise addiction. However, individuals with OCD may experience compulsive behaviors, such as exercising excessively, as a way to cope with their mental health.

Exercise addiction symptoms are characterized by exaggerated exercise volumes, lack of control, withdrawal symptoms, and conflicts with family and friends, which can lead to health problems and social isolation. In a study by Lichtenstein, M. B., Melin, A. K., Szabo, A., & Holm, L. (2021). The Prevalence of Exercise Addiction Symptoms in a Sample of National Level Elite Athletes, 7.6% were at risk of exercise addiction, with this group being younger, more likely to exercise despite pain and injury, and reporting substantial eating disorder symptoms. The prevalence of exercise addiction symptoms varies widely depending on the type of sport and assessment tool used, with rates ranging from 3 to 42%.

Exercise addiction symptoms are also often accompanied by depressive symptoms, with a higher prevalence of MDD in individuals with exercise addiction compared to the general population. According to Tschopp et al.’s 2023 study, 16 out of 31 participants who were at risk of exercise addiction suffered from major depressive disorder (MDD). The onset of MDD occurred in 10 participants after excessive exercising and in 5 before excessive exercising.

Treatments for exercise addiction include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to reframe negative thought patterns and behaviors, mindfulness-based stress reduction techniques to manage stress and anxiety, physical therapy to address any physical issues or injuries and support groups or online resources to connect with others struggling with exercise addiction.

12. Plastic Surgery Addiction

Plastic surgery addiction is a compulsive behavior where individuals repeatedly seek cosmetic procedures to “fix” perceived flaws, often resulting in negative consequences for their mental, physical, and social health. This addiction is often linked to Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), where individuals obsess over minor or imagined defects in their appearance, leading them to undergo multiple surgeries in pursuit of an unattainable ideal. Unlike other forms of addiction, plastic surgery addiction is driven by a distorted self-image and a relentless desire for perfection.

The psychological factors contributing to plastic surgery addiction include low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and a strong desire for social acceptance or validation. Triggers for this addiction can include exposure to unrealistic beauty standards in the media, past trauma or bullying related to appearance, and underlying mental health conditions. The compulsive nature of this addiction often leads to frequent surgical procedures, each of which may temporarily relieve the individual’s distress but ultimately fails to address the underlying psychological issues.

Long-term consequences of plastic surgery addiction include physical complications from multiple surgeries, increased risk of surgical errors, financial strain, and worsening mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. According to a study published in the Journal of Aesthetic Surgery, individuals with plastic surgery addiction may experience worsening body image over time, as each procedure fails to deliver the expected emotional relief, leading to a cycle of dissatisfaction and further surgeries. Treatment for plastic surgery addiction typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy to address the underlying BDD and help individuals develop a healthier self-image.

13. Fantasy Addiction

Fantasy addiction is a compulsive behavior where individuals excessively escape into imaginary worlds, often leading to significant disruptions in their daily life, relationships, and mental health. This addiction typically manifests in the form of obsessive daydreaming or immersion in fictional stories, games, or scenarios, which provide temporary relief from real-life stressors or emotional pain. Unlike other addictions, fantasy addiction is driven by a desire to avoid reality and the challenges it presents.

The psychological factors contributing to fantasy addiction include feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, anxiety, and a need for control in an otherwise uncontrollable environment. Triggers for fantasy addiction can include trauma, loneliness, or dissatisfaction with one’s real-life circumstances, leading individuals to retreat into their imagined worlds where they feel safe and empowered. This addiction often leads to neglect of personal responsibilities, social isolation, and a gradual detachment from reality.

Long-term consequences of fantasy addiction include impaired social functioning, strained relationships, and a worsening ability to cope with real-world challenges. Over time, the individual may find it increasingly difficult to distinguish between fantasy and reality, leading to further emotional and psychological distress. According to research published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions, individuals with fantasy addiction often experience heightened feelings of depression and anxiety as their reliance on escapism deepens. Treatment typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches aimed at helping individuals reconnect with reality, develop healthier coping mechanisms, and address the underlying psychological issues fueling their addiction.

14. Risky Behavior Addiction

Risky behavior addiction is a compulsive need to engage in activities that involve a significant degree of danger or uncertainty, often leading to severe physical, emotional, and social consequences. This addiction manifests in behaviors such as reckless driving, extreme sports, gambling, or unprotected sexual activity, driven by the thrill and adrenaline rush these activities provide. Unlike other addictions, risky behavior addiction is fueled by a need for excitement and an escape from boredom or emotional discomfort.

The psychological factors contributing to risky behavior addiction include high levels of impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and a tendency to underplay or disregard potential negative outcomes. Triggers for this addiction often include underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, or a history of trauma, which push individuals to seek out high-risk situations as a way to feel alive or in control. The compulsive pursuit of risk often escalates over time, as individuals become desensitized to the dangers and seek out increasingly hazardous activities to achieve the same level of excitement.

Long-term consequences of risky behavior addiction can be severe, including physical injury, legal issues, financial ruin, and damaged relationships. The repeated exposure to danger not only jeopardizes the individual’s safety but can also lead to chronic stress and mental health deterioration. According to a study published in the Journal of Risk Research, individuals with risky behavior addiction are more likely to suffer from long-term psychological effects, such as anxiety disorders and PTSD, due to the cumulative impact of their actions. Treatment for risky behavior addiction typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches focused on impulse control, risk assessment, and developing healthier outlets for managing emotions and stress.

15. Self-Harm Addiction

Self-harm addiction is a compulsive behavior where individuals intentionally inflict harm on themselves as a way to cope with emotional pain, stress, or feelings of numbness. This addiction often involves behaviors such as cutting, burning, or hitting oneself, and is driven by the temporary relief or sense of control these actions provide. Unlike other addictions, self-harm addiction is rooted in deep emotional distress and is often a cry for help rather than a desire for physical sensation or escapism.

The psychological factors contributing to self-harm addiction include depression, anxiety, trauma, and a lack of healthy coping mechanisms for dealing with intense emotions. Triggers for self-harm can include overwhelming feelings of sadness, anger, guilt, or hopelessness, leading individuals to self-injure as a way to release these emotions or to feel something when they are otherwise numb. The addiction often escalates as individuals become dependent on self-harm to manage their emotional states, making it increasingly difficult to stop.

Long-term consequences of self-harm addiction include physical scars, infections, chronic pain, and an increased risk of serious injury or accidental death. Psychologically, self-harm can deepen feelings of shame, guilt, and worthlessness, trapping individuals in a harmful cycle of behavior. According to research published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology, self-harm is often associated with other mental health disorders, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD), and requires comprehensive treatment. Treatment typically involves dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and other therapeutic approaches focused on building emotional resilience, developing healthier coping strategies, and addressing the underlying causes of the addiction.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Behavioral Addiction?

signs and symptoms of behavioral addiction

The signs and symptoms of behavioral addiction include an intense desire to repeat the behavior despite negative consequences, preoccupation with the behavior, thinking about it frequently, and continued engagement in the behavior. Other signs include:

  • Needing to increase the amount or frequency of the behavior to achieve the same effect.
  • Involves neglecting responsibilities, work, school, or family commitments.
  • Continued engagement in the behavior despite negative consequences.
  • Includes negative consequences, financial problems, legal issues, or damaged relationships.
  • Withdrawal symptoms when unable to engage in the behavior, such as irritability, anxiety, or depression.
  • It involves loss of control and the inability to stop or reduce the behavior.
  • Signifies behavioral addiction, spending excessive amounts of time and money on the behavior.
  • Using the behavior as a way to cope with stress or negative emotions.
  • Engaging in risky behaviors related to the addiction.

Examples of risky behaviors related to addiction are:

  • Gambling: Borrowing money to gamble, lying about gambling, feeling restless or irritable when unable to gamble, neglecting responsibilities to gamble, and feeling a need to gamble more to achieve the same level of excitement.
  • Obsession with Sex: Engaging in compulsive sexual behavior, such as having multiple partners, engaging in risky sexual behavior, feeling a need to have sex multiple times a day, and feeling a loss of control over sexual behavior.

Dr. Kenneth Blum, a renowned Pharmacologist, highlights that behavioral addictions share a common problem model consisting of reduced control, impairment, and risky use despite the awareness of negative consequences. These commonalities can be observed across various types of behavioral addictions, such as compulsive shopping, internet addiction, and compulsive gambling, among others.

What are the factors that contribute to the development of Behavioral Addiction?

Factors that contribute to the development of behavioral addiction include psychological disorders, personality issues, co-occurring addictions, cognitive impairments, genetic factors, or everyday stressors, as per a study by Dr. John E Grant in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.

factors contributing to behavioral addiction

Psychological Factors: Individuals with behavioral addictions often report feeling a sense of pleasure, relief, or gratification when engaging in the behavior, which can lead to a desire to repeat the behavior despite its negative consequences. Additionally, individuals with behavioral addictions may experience feelings of anxiety, depression, or stress, which can drive them to engage in the behavior as a coping mechanism.

Social Factors: Social pressure, peer influence, and cultural norms can also contribute to the development of behavioral addictions. For example, an individual may be exposed to a particular behavior, such as gaming or internet use, through social media or peer groups, and may feel pressure to engage in the behavior to fit in or avoid social isolation.

Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as access to technology, availability of addictive substances, and lack of parental supervision, can also contribute to the development of behavioral addictions. For example, an individual may be exposed to addictive substances or behaviors through family members or friends or may have access to technology that facilitates addictive behaviors.

Common Pathophysiology: Behavioral addictions share a common pathophysiology with substance use disorders, including alterations in brain reward processing, impulse control, and executive function. These alterations can lead to changes in behavior and cognition, including cravings, impulsivity, and lack of self-control.

What are the effects of Behavioral Addiction?

Effects of behavioral addiction are poor mental health, brain structure alterations, and physical health issues. Short-term consequences include anxiety, sleep disturbances, and exhaustion. Long-term effects consist of depression, social isolation, and weight loss. 

Individuals may experience mood swings, a compulsive need to engage in addictive behavior, and feelings of euphoria. Behavioral addictions can affect relationships, work, and overall well-being, causing significant harm to an individual’s mental and physical health.

Can Behavioral Addiction Affect your mental health?

Behavioral addiction impacts mental health in the short term by inducing disorders like anxiety, depression, impatience, and obsessive thoughts. Over time, behavioral addictions negatively impact mental health through social withdrawal, isolationism, disrupted relationships, educational or financial failure, and neglect of family and personal responsibilities, as detailed in a study published in the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.

Can Behavioral Addiction impact the brain?

Behavioral addiction impacts the brain through functional and structural modifications. Key brain regions implicated in behavioral addictions include the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and parahippocampus. Activation of the VTA and nucleus accumbens releases dopamine, leading to a rewarding sensation.

Behavioral addictions, such as pathological gambling and internet addiction, have been found to share dysfunction in reward mechanisms and cognitive control with substance addiction disorders according to Finocchiaro, R., & Balconi, M. (2016). Left/Right Hemispheric “Unbalance” Model in Addiction. Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease.

The study also mentions – that there is a reduction in activity in the mesolimbic reward system in pathological gambling and structural abnormalities in gray and white matter volume in specific brain regions associated with cognitive control in internet addiction disorder. 

These alterations in prefrontal activity, coupled with enhanced striatal responses to addictive stimuli, contribute to the habitual seeking of addictive behaviors despite negative consequences. Additionally, studies have established a strong correlation between behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system (BIS/BAS) components and cortical brain activity, highlighting the role of these systems in addictive behaviors.

How does Behavioral Addiction affect your physical health?

Behavioral addiction harms physical health through sedentary living and negative mental effects. Its impact on physical health includes decreased activity, fatigue, malnutrition or eating disorders, weight fluctuations, sexual issues, and sleep disturbances.

Long-term physical effects can manifest as cardiovascular issues or liver problems, per the UK Addiction Treatment Center.

What are the risk factors for developing behavioral addiction?

Risk factors for developing behavioral addiction include family history, mental health issues, peer pressure, stress, and drug use.

  • Family History: Family history can increase the risk of acquiring behavioral addictions by 40-60%, according to Psychology Today.
  • Comorbid Psychological Disorders: Impulsiveness in behavioral addictions is indeed closely related to other psychological disorders such as OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), depression, and anxiety. These disorders often involve difficulties with impulse control, decision-making, and emotional regulation, which can contribute to the development and persistence of behavioral addictions, according to Trevor W. Robbins, a Psychology Professor at the University of Cambridge.
  • Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is a significant risk factor for developing behavioral addiction, particularly among young people. Lack of family involvement, difficult family situations, and lack of parental supervision can all contribute to an increased risk of addiction. 
  • Stress: Increased levels of emotional and physiological stress can lead to decreased behavioral control and higher impulsivity, contributing to addiction vulnerability. As per a study done by Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to Addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Chronic stress can disrupt brain stress responses, enhance craving, and diminish cognitive control, perpetuating addictive behaviors.
  • Substance use disorder: Substance use disorder can cause behavioral addiction, and behavioral addiction shares many similarities with substance-related addiction. Substance use disorders, such as cocaine, nicotine, or heroin, can increase the likelihood of developing behavioral addictions. Dr. John E Grant estimates that there is a 21-64% chance of developing behavioral addictions in people with substance use disorder.

Do behavioral addictions cause depression?

Behavioral addictions can cause depression. Behavioral addictions are often a coping mechanism for pre-existing depression and anxiety. People with behavioral addictions may use their addictive behavior to temporarily reduce negative feelings like depression and anxiety. However, the long-term consequences of these behaviors can worsen depression, creating a vicious cycle.

Is behavioral addictions a disease?

Behavioral addictions are recognized as mental disorders by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). Also, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classified gambling disorder as the only non-substance-related disorder under “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.”  Similar to substance addictions, behavioral addictions can trigger the brain’s reward system, leading to compulsive behaviors despite negative consequences.

Is behavioral addiction genetic?

There is a genetic component to behavioral addiction, meaning it can be passed down from parents to children through genes. However, the genetic evidence for behavioral addiction is still limited.

Is behavioral addiction a disability?

Yes, behavioral addiction can be considered a disability. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) recognizes gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction.  Many individuals with behavioral addictions also experience other mental disorders.

What are the methods for treating behavioral addiction?

Behavioral addiction treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy, group therapy, medications, individual counseling, and support groups.

methods for treating behavioral addiction

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for behavioral addiction treatment involves identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to addictive behaviors.

According to Sudhir, P. M. (2018). Cognitive behavioral interventions in addictive disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry CBT aims to enhance self-awareness, self-efficacy, and distress tolerance through techniques such as problem-oriented therapy, relapse prevention, cognitive reframing, and mindfulness meditation.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a widely used talking therapy that focuses on changing the way one thinks about negative life consequences. It is particularly effective in treating behavioral addictions. According to a study published by Jeremy Adams, a Psychology Professor, in the Lancet, therapists utilizing CBT help individuals by identifying and correcting irrational thoughts and maladaptive behaviors.

A separate study published in BioMed Research International examined the effects of CBT on internet addiction. The results indicated that 70% of the patients experienced a reduction in psychopathological symptoms and psychosocial problems after undergoing CBT.

Group therapy

Group therapy, led by one or more psychologists, effectively reduces behavioral addiction symptoms. Cognitive behavioral group therapy, a common approach for behavioral addicts, demonstrates reductions in compulsive behavior, interpersonal and health issues, and improvements in tolerance and time management.

According to a study by Choobdari, M., Bahrainian, S. A., & Shahabizadeh, F. (2022). Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy in Mental, Spiritual, and Social Health of Addicts. The effectiveness of Group Therapy, specifically Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy (ACT), in the mental, spiritual, and social health of addicts. 

The results showed that both CBT and ACT improved mental health, spiritual health, and social health, but ACT had a more significant impact on these aspects. The study suggests that ACT and CBT are effective in treating addiction, and ACT may have an additional advantage in promoting mental, spiritual, and social health.

Medications

Behavioral addictions can be addressed through medications that target causative agents such as psychological and personality disorders, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Despite limited evidence, studies in the Journal ‘Of Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior’ and Neuropsychology Review suggest that drugs impacting glutamatergic and opioidergic transmission may aid in managing behavioral addictions.

One-on-one or couples counseling

One-on-one or couples counseling can be effective in managing behavioral addictions by assisting individuals in recognizing triggers and developing strategies to avoid them. By addressing these triggers, it becomes possible to curb impulsive and compulsive behaviors, leading to a reduction in continuous engagement in detrimental activities.

Self-help groups

Self-help groups, informal gatherings of people recovering from behavioral addictions, provide support and encouragement. These groups, such as Sex Anonymous, Love Anonymous, and Gamblers Anonymous, enhance understanding and foster a sense of purpose among addicts as per Dr. Timothy W. Fong, a Psychiatry Professor. Additionally, self-help groups aid in relapse prevention.

What are Behavioral Addiction Treatment programs Like?

Addiction treatment programs for behavioral addictions provide comprehensive care designed to help individuals regain control over compulsive behaviors. The main attributes of behavioral addiction treatment centers and mental health treatment centers are listed below:

  • Accommodation and Amenities: Most programs offer residential options where individuals stay at the facility, ensuring a focused and supportive environment for recovery. Accommodations typically include private or shared rooms, with all basic amenities provided. Personal items such as clothes and toiletries are usually required, but facilities often have specific guidelines, so it is advisable to check their list of approved items.
  • Communication Policies: Policies on phone use vary by program. Some allow limited phone use, while others restrict it to help maintain focus on recovery. Understanding these policies beforehand can help set expectations for communication with the outside world during treatment.
  • Cost and Financial Options: The cost of treatment can vary widely based on the length of stay, the level of care required, and the specific services provided. It is important to discuss financial options with the facility, as many offer payment plans, accept insurance, or provide financial assistance to make treatment more accessible.
  • Comprehensive Mental Health Care: These programs aim to address mental health comprehensively, offering therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), support groups, and stress management techniques. This holistic approach helps individuals build a healthier, addiction-free life.

Understanding these aspects of addiction treatment programs for behavioral addictions can help individuals make informed decisions and find the right support for their recovery journey.

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